The starter motor is very much a "load test" for the battery. You could take the battery to a shop that sells batteries and have a "load test" done on their machine.
Connect a VOM to the battery terminals to read voltage. Watch the meter and try to crank the engine with the starter motor. If the voltage drops instantly to 4 or 5 volts , the battery is defective. Buy a new battery.
You should also check the large cables from the battery positive and negative terminals. If either end of those cables is corroded with nasty green stuff, it causes high resistance, and failure to crank. The same applies to the large cable that goes from the solenoid (relay) down to the starter motor itself.