Sorry to be a bit late to this party - it is very interesting and I'd like to contribute a few points:
- As noted above, torque is defined as a force at a distance, so you need to specify one of the two quantities to determine the other. For example: (108 ft-lb = 108 lb x 1 ft) - OR - (54 lb x 2 ft) - OR - (1296 lb x 1 inch) - OR - 1 lb x 1296 inches. There are literally an infinite number of combinations or forces and distances.
- I have seen some people use units of pressure (psi) when they mean torque - this is completely WRONG!!!
- Pressure = force/area and torque = force x distance. COMPLETELY DIFFERENT - like apple pie and roller skates.
- So - to use the adjustable wrench and fish scale idea (which is, in principle perfectly reasonable) - you need to determine the distance from the hole in the handle of the wrench to the centreline of the axle (in inches or feet) and then simply divide (108/feet) or (108/(inches/12)) to get the force in pounds required on the fish scale.
- When you use a threaded fastener, what you are really trying to do is generate an axial force to press the parts together - OR - prevent them from sliding over each other.
- The fastener torque is actually a very indirect way to generate and measure that axial force.
- 108 ft-lb (let alone 108.5 ft-lb) is, indeed, pretty damned tight;
A few months ago, I gave a talk on threaded fasteners to our local chapter of the Can. Vintage MC Group (
www.cvmg.ca). Among the key points I made was the fact that the forces generated by bolt or nut torque is a highly variable quantity that can change A LOT depending on all sorts of factors including:
- The smoothness of the threads on the bolt and the nut;
- The smoothness of the transverse bearing surface (like the facees of the washer or the underside the bolt head);
- Any lubrication applied to the threads or transverse bearing surface;
- etc.
Experiments have found that
axial force (i.e. the force pressing the two parts together) as measured by
fastener torque can vary by 20-40% depending on the above factors - and so trying nail down the torque on a big bolt like the XS650 rear axle that is exposed to road debris, salt corrosion, etc. - is likely not possible.
Sooo...to respond to 'Dude's original question, the key thing is to get that axle nut
good and darned tight - and then line up the cotter pin hole - and make sure that the pin is in place and bent over in a secure fashion. If you stare at the mechanical arrangement on the XS650 rear axle - there is another mechanism that help the axle nut to secure the axle in-place, namely the two rear axle chain tensioners.
As long as everything is
good & tight and the cotter pin is in-place - you should be fine.
As requested by either 2M or 5T (sorry but memory fails...), I will find my slide deck for that talk and post it as a .pdf file and then if anyone wants to ask questions...fire away!
Cheers,
Pete