Front brake lever is firm, new rear brake shoes are installed and I put some new tires on too. As advised, patience went a long way and I was eventually able to bleed it. The sweet spot seems to be squeezing the lever just past the point of making contact with the master cylinder piston. Stopping and holding at that point even produced a steady stream of bubbles in the reservoir in my case.
Once the lever firmed up, I was able to get the seized piston to move and then finally take it the rest of the way out with the air compressor. After cleaning and installing new caliper seals, I sheared one of the seals seating the piston
Thanks to my lack of patience and a tendency to throw money pretty carelessly at this project, I already had another replacement caliper and other misc parts on the way so that's what's installed now.
Strange thing is the brake fluid turned a murky black during the bleed process with the new caliper. I'm low on brake fluid now, after I get more I'm going to flush it out and hopefully that will resolve the issue.